Contemporary Technology

• e-Business The full form of the term is electronic business. As its name suggests business activites takes place by means of computer connected through a network. Electronic business can occur between a user and vendor through an online information services, the internet or other electronic forms. The main componente of transaction is just electronic data interchange. This process uses a set of standards for controlling the transfer of business documents such as purchase orders and invoices orders. e-Business may be defined as the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in support of all the activities of business. Commerce constitutes the exchange of products and service between business, groups and individuals. This process is a one of the essential activities of any business. In practice, e-Business is more than just e-Commerce. While e-Business refers to more strategic focus with an emphasis on the functions of electronic capabilities. e-Commerce is a subset of an overall e-Business strategy. e-Commerce seeks to add revenue flow using the World Wide Web or the Internet to build and enhance relationships with clients and partners to improve efficiency. There are different types of e-Business. Some of them are as follows:

1. Business-To-Business (B2B)
2. Business-To-Consumer (B2C)
3. Business-To-Employee (B2E)
4. Business-To-Government (B2G)
5. Government-To-Business (G2B)
6. Government-To-Government (G2G)
7. Government-To-Citizen (G2C)
8. Consumer-To-consumer (C2C)
9. Consumer-To-Business (C2B)

Application of e-Business:

1. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
2. Voice mail
3. Web conferencing
4. Internet shop
5. Online marketing
6. Electronic procurement

e-Learning If the teaching and learning process is conducted by electronically is call e-Learning. It supports all forms of electronically supported materials. Information and Communication Technology serve as specific media to implement in the field of teaching and learning process. e-Learning is essentially the computer and network enabled transfer of skills and knowledge throughout the world. e-Learning refers to using electronic application and processes to learn. e-Learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classrooms and digital collaboration. The content of e-Learning is delivered via the Internet, Extranet, Audio / Video material, Satellite TV and CD / DVD ROM. It can used by self or by instructor guided media in the form of text, image, animation, streaming video and audio. There are different types of e-Learning, some of them are as follows:

1. Computer Based Training (CBT)
2. Internet Based Training (IBT)
3. Web Based Training (WEB)
4. Distance Learning
5. Online Universities
6. K-12 Learning 

Advantages of e-Learning are:

1.  It improves performance by accessing different locations.
2.  It increases access by joining class at your free time.
3.  It is convenience and flexible to learners.
4. Its cost is less than regular mode universities.
5. It reduces overall training time.
6. Learners from all around the world can join on the same course.

e-Governances e-Governances is the use of Information and Communications Technologies to transform the traditional goverment by making it easily assessible, transparent, effective and accountable to the general people. e-Governances is a network of organizations to include government, nonprofit and private-sector bodies to transform all the services in the form of electronically. In e-Governances there are no distinct boundaries to involovement and deed of jobs by the government. Political, social, economic and technological factors of the nation determine e-Governance provides greater access to government information and services by making the most of the government services online. This will promote citizens participate by interacting more friendly with government. e-Governance Will also increase government accountability by making its operations more transparent which also reduces the opportunities for corruption. e-Governance is a process of transforming government from manual system to electronic digital system. e-Governance is not only used in developed countries but also successfully implementing in the developing countries like Nepal. It is a one stop portal such as www.nepalgove.gov.np, where citizens have access variety of information and services. 

Advantages of e-Governance:

1.  It is easy to access data and information. 
2.  It become one portal for delivering government services. 
3.  It broadly handles Government To Government (G2G), Government To Business (G2B) and Government To Citizen (G2C) data and information services.
4. The government services will be made available to the citizens in a convenient, efficient and transparent manner. 
5. There will be no territory boundaries, not even bounded by geographical regions.